Appendix C: Anti-Discrimination Laws, 1972-1997 _______________________________________________________________________________ Year Locality Areas Covered Method of Status Passage _______________________________________________________________________________ 1972 Ann Arbor, MI 1-3, 5-7 Council In force (may have been expanded in 1978; in 11/96 the law was amended to increase penalties and allow for civil action) East Lansing, MI 1-3, 5-7 Council In force (may have been expanded in 1986) St. Louis, MO 1-6 Council In force (may have been expanded in 1992) 1973 Berkeley, CA 1, 3-7 Council In force Bloomington, IN 1-5 Council Repeal 7/77; Passed 7/93 Seattle, WA 1, 3, 5-7 Council In force (5 included in 1975; 78 repeal failed some say 5 in 1971; some say 1 in 1974) 1974 Alfred, NY 1-7 Council In force Detroit, MI 1-7 Council In force (may have been expanded in 1979) Hennepin County, MN 1-7 Council In force Howard County, MD 1-7 Council In force Minneapolis, MN 1-7 Council In force Portland, OR 1-3, 5 Council, 3-2 In force (expanded 1987; re-passed or expanded 10/91 by 3-0) St. Paul, MN ? Council Ballot repeal 1978 Washington, DC 1-7 Council In force 1975 Anchorage, AK 1 Council, Repealed 5/93 unanimous Austin, TX 1-3, 5-7 Council In force Boulder, CO 1-3, 5 Council In force after repeal attempt Cupertino, CA 1 ? In force Chapel Hill, NC 1 ? In force Mountain View, CA 1 ? In force Santa Barbara, CA 1, 4 Council, 8/75 In force Santa Cruz, CA 1 Council In force 1976 Amherst, MA 1-7 Council In force Clallam County, WA 1 Council In force Pullman, WA 1, 5-6 Council In force (may have been expanded in 1981) 1977 Aspen, CO 1-3, 5 Council In force Champaign, IL 1-3, 5-7 Council ? Dade County, FL ? Council Ballot repeal 6/77 Eugene, OR ? Council Ballot repeal 5/78 Iowa City, IA 1-3, 6-7 Council In force Tucson, AZ 1 Council In force Wichita, KS ? Council Ballot repeal 5/78 1978 New Haven, CT 1-7 Council In force San Francisco, CA 1-7 Council In force 1979 California 1 Executive order In force (added 2-4 by Legislature in 1992) Hartford, CT 1-7 Council In force Los Angeles, CA 1-7 Council In force (supposed to have been 44th city (Thompson); (Rueda says 1-5 passed 5/77) Madison, WI 1-3, 5, 7 Council In force (Rueda says 1-3 passed 3/75) San Jose, CA 1 Council Ballot repeal 1980; but reenacted in 1985 Santa Barbara County, 1 ? In force CA Santa Clara ? Board Ballot repeal County, CA 1980 Troy, NY 1 ? In force Urbana, IL 1-3, 4-5 Council In force Yellow Springs, OH 1-3, 5-7 Council In force 1980 Evanston, IL 1, 6 Council In force 1981 Cuyahoga County, OH 1 ? In force Honolulu, HI 1 ?; 3/81 In force Santa Cruz County, CA 1 ? In force 1982 Chicago, IL 1 Order of Mayor In force (expanded to 2-4, & 6 in 1988 by Council) Cleveland, OH 1-3, 5, 6 Council In force (expanded in 1994) Philadelphia, PA 1-3, 5-7 Council In force (Rueda says 1 passed 10/80) Wisconsin 1-7 Legislature In force 1983 Baltimore, MD 1-5 Council In force (some may have been included in 1988) Boston, MA 1 Executive order In force (expanded to 2-4, & 6-7 in 1984 by Council; Rueda says 1 passed in 4/76) Denver, CO 1, 5 Executive order In force after (expanded to 2-4, & 7 by repeal Council on 10/90) Harrisburg, PA 1-7 Council In force New York 1 Executive Order In force Ohio 1 Executive order In force Rochester, NY 1 ? In force 1984 Brighton, NY 1 ? In force (some have 1991) Buffalo, NY 1 ? In force Cambridge, MA 1-7 Council In force Columbus, OH 1-6 Council In force (Rueda says 2, 4, 6 passed 1/79; expanded 1992) Houston, TX 1 Council Ballot repeal 1/85; reinstated in 1986 Ithaca, NY 1-7 Council In force (Rueda says 1 passed 9/74) Laguna Beach, CA 1-7 Council In force Malden, MA 1-6 Council In force Milwaukee, WI 1 ? In force Montgomery County, 1, 3, 5-7 Council; 7-1-1 In force MD Oakland, CA 1-7 Council In force Saginaw, MI 4-5 Council In force West Hollywood, CA 1-7 Council In force 1985 Burlington, VT 1, 3 Council In force East Hampton, NY 1-3 Council In force King County, WA 5-6 Council, 5-4 In force; ballot repeals failed New Mexico 1 Executive Order In force Rhode Island 1 Executive Order In force Washington 1 Executive Order In force 1986 Atlanta, GA 1 Council, 13-4 In force (Rueda says passed first in 7/71) Dane County, WI 1 ? In force Davis, CA 1-3, 5-7 Council In force Durham, NC 1 ? In force New York, NY 1-5, 7 Council In force (amended title 8 1993) Olympia, WA 1 ? In force Sacramento, CA 1-7 Council In force Worcester, MA 1-6 Council In force 1987 Boulder County, CO 1 Council In force Cathedral City, CA 1 ? In force Ingham County, MI 1 ? In force Long Beach, CA 1, 3 Council In force Oregon 1 Executive Order Ballot repeal 11/88 1988 Alexandria, VA 1-6 Council In force Arlington County, VA 1, 3 Commission In force Honolulu County, HI 1 ? In force Irvine, CA ? Council, unanimousBallot repeal 1989 Morgan County, CO 1 Council In force Pennsylvania 1 Executive Order In force Raleigh, NC 1 Council In force Suffolk County, NY 1 Council In force Watertown, NY 1-6 Council In force 1989 Massachusetts 1-7 Legislature In force Pittsburgh, PA 1 Executive Order In force (expanded to 2-3, & 5-7 in 1990 by Council) Tacoma, WA ? Council Ballot repeal 1989 1990 Carborro, NC ? ?; 12/18/90 In force Colorado 1 Executive Order In force Essex County, NJ 1 ? In force Flint, MI 1-5, 7 Council In force Key West, FL 1-3, 5-7 Council In force Palm Beach County, FL 1-2, 5 Council In force Palo Alto, CA 4 Council In force Rockville, MD 1-7 Council; In force 5/14/90 St. Paul, MN 1-7 Council Repeal Attempt 1991 failed Salt Lake City, UT 1 ? In force San Diego, CA 1-7 Council In force Syracuse, NY 1-5 Council In force West Palm Beach, FL 1 ? In force 1991 Alameda County, CA 1 ? In force Ames, IA 1-7 Council In force Birmingham, MI 5-6 Council In force Connecticut 1-7 Legislature In force Cook County, IL 1 Executive Order In force (expanded to 2-4, 6 in 1992 & 1993 by Council Dayton, OH 1 ? In force Hawaii 1 & 3 Legislature In force Hillsborough 2, 5 Council Council repealed County, FL on 5/17/95; 4-3 Lancaster, PA 1-7 Council In force Marshall, MN 1-3, 4-5 Council In force (Rueda says 1-4 passed 4/75) Minnehaha County, SD 1 ? In force New Orleans, LA 1-3 & 5 Council In force Northhampton County, 1 ? In force PA Oak Park, IL 2, 5 Council In force Phoenix, AZ 1 Council In force Prince Georges 1, 3 Council In force County, MD San Mateo County, CA 1, 3, 5 Council In force Santa Monica, CA 1-7 Council In force Stamford, CT 1-7 Council In force Tampa, FL 2, 5 Council Ballot repeal attempt stopped in court; 11/92 Tompkins County, NY 1-7 Council In force 1992 Albany, NY 1-3, 4-5 Council, 8-6 In force Cincinnati, OH 1-3, 5 Council Ballot repeal 1993; In court but Council voted 5-4 to delete the section on 3/8/95 Columbia, MO 1-7 Council In force Corvallis, OR ? ? ? Fulton County, GA 1 ? In force Illinois 1 Executive Order In force (new order issued 11/13/96) Louisiana 1 Executive order In force Miami Beach, FL 1-3, 5-7 Council In force New Jersey 1-3, 4-5 Legislature In force Portland, ME 1-5 Council In force Salt Lake County, UT 1 ? In force Vermont 1-7 Legislature In force 1993 Alachua County, FL 1-3, 5 Council 1994 ballot repeal; Court voided ballot in 11/96 Ashland, OR ? ? In force Bloomington, IN 1-5 Council In force (originally passed in 1973 and expanded 12/75, but repealed 7/77) Charlottesville, VA 1 Council In force Columbia, SC 1 ? In force Crested Butte, CO 1-7 Council In force Kansas City, MO 1, 3, 5, 7 Council In force Lafayette, IN 1-5 Council In force; council voted by a 6-2 margin on 11/4/96 to leave in sexual orientation in the civil rights code. Lewiston, ME 1-5 Council Ballot repeal 1993 Maryland 1 Executive Order In force Minnesota 1-6 Legislature In force Morgantown, WV ? ? In force Riverside, CA 1 ? In force Somerville, MA 1-7 Council In force State College, PA 5 Council In force Takoma Park, MD 1 ?; 6/14/93 In force Telluride, CO 1-3, 5 Council In force Troy, ID ? ? In force Vancouver, WA 1 ? In force West Lafayette, IN 1-5 Council In force York, PA 1-3, 5 Council In force 1994 Albuquerque, NM 1 Executive Order In force Asheville, NC 1, 3 Council In force Cleveland Heights, OH 1, 5 ? In force Grand Rapids, MI 1-7 Council In force Hayward, CA 1, 3-5 Council In force Youngstown, OH 1-3, 5, 6 Council In force 1995 Broward County, FL 1, 5 Cty. Commission Ballot repeal 6/95; 6-1 attempted in 96 Dallas, TX 1 Council In force Douglas, MI 2 Council, 0-7 In force Lawrence, KS 1-3 Council In force Rhode Island 1-3, 5, 6 Legislature In force (previous executive order for 1; Vote: House 57-41; Senate 26-21) Virginia Beach, VA 1 City Manager In force 1996 Albany County, NY 1, 2, 5 Council, 24-13 In force Lansing, MI 1-3, 5 Council, 5-3; Repealed at ballot 3/96 11/96 ______________________________________________________________________________ Key: Numbered areas of anti-discrimination protection 1 = Public Employment 2 = Public Accommodations 3 = Private Employment 4 = Education 5 = Housing 6 = Credit 7 = Union Practices _______________________________________________________________________________ Localities With Laws But Date of Passage Not Known _______________________________________________________________________________ Locality Areas Covered Method of Status Passage _______________________________________________________________________________ Anoka, MN ? ? ? Brisbane, CA ? ? In force Cerro Gordo, IA ? ? ? Clark County, WA ? ? ? Daly City, CA ? ? In force 94-96 Gaithersberg, MD 1, 3, 5, 7 Council In force Lubbock, TX ? ? ? 94-96 Michigan 1 Executive Order In force Montebello County, CA ? ? ? Newark, NJ ? ? ? Oneida, WI ? ? ? Oxford, PA ? ? ? Pacifica, CA ? ? ? Pasadena, CA ? ? ? Redondo Beach, CA ? ? ? Tumwater, WA ? ? ? Vineland, NJ ? ? ? Woodfin, NC ? ? ? _______________________________________________________________________________ References Gamble, Barbara S. 1997. "Putting Civil Rights to a Popular Vote." American Journal of Political Science Forthcoming. Klawitter, Marieka M., and Victor Flatt. 1995. "Antidiscrimination Policies and Earnings For Same-Sex Couples." Working Papers in Public Policy Analysis and Management (August). Knopp, Lawrence. 1987. "Social Theory, Social Movements and Public Policy." International Journal of Urban Regional Research 11:243-61. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. 1995. Gay and Lesbian Rights in the U. S. Washington: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute. "Report and Recommendations of the Committee on Sexual Orientation Discrimination to the Human Rights Commission of the City of Tulsa, August 1994." 1994. Tulsa, OK: Tulsa Human Rights Commission. Rosenthal, Donald B. 1996. "Gay and Lesbian Political Incorporation and Agenda Setting in Four New York Cities." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco. Rueda, Enrique. 1982. The Homosexual Network. Old Greenwich, CT: Devin Adair. Thompson, Mark. ed. 1994. The Long Road to Freedom. New York: St. Martin's Press.