GREEK ARCHITECTURE: BUILDING TEMPLES

CLSX 375


TR 9:30 - 10:50 AM, Spencer 211


John G. Younger
Wescoe 2110
Office Hours: M & W 1:00-3:00 and by appointment
864-3263
email: jyounger@ku.edu


last update: 25 April 2003


Textbook

In addition, I will prepare photocopied materials to hand out to you (at a nominal charge of $2 for the entire semester) and materials that will be available on e-reserves.

Requirements: a Midterm, a Final exam (scheduled for Friday, 16 May, 7:30-10:00 am [!] -- the exam, however, may be optional if everyone in the class is performing satisfactorily), and a term project (see below for suggestions).
Since most of the material you will be responsible for (for the Midterm and Final) will be presented in class, I expect you to attend all sessions.


Readings will be put into E-Reserves and in Blackbord, "Course Documents"
Also in Blackbord, "Course Documents" are the following:
Chronology of Greek Architecture
Chronology of Greek History
Chronology of Greek Art


LECTURE TOPICS & READINGS

JANUARY
16 Jan (Th): Introduction to the course: chronology, the limited types of Greek architecture

Readings for the NEXT topic ("terminology, forms & materials") on E-Reserves (read both [they¹re short]):
  • Rockwell, "Aspects of Stone Carving Technology," in UNESCO, The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Studies and Documents on the Cultural Heritage 16 (1988) 45-66
  • Camp & Dinsmoor, Ancient Athenian Building Methods, American School of Classical Studies Picture Book 21 (Athens) 1984)


    21 Jan (T): Terminology, forms & materials

    E-Reserves Readings for the NEXT topic ("BA, EIA, Archaic Temples"):
  • AJ Mazarakis Ainian, "Early Greek Temples," in: R. Hägg et al. eds., Early Greek Cult Practice (Stockholm 1988) 105-19


    23 Jan (Th), 28 Jan (T), 6 Feb (Th), 11 Feb (T): Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Archaic Temples

    Readings for the NEXT topic ("Classical Temples")
    E-Reserves:
  • WH Plummer, "Three Attic Temples," Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens 45 (1950) 66-112.
  • R Stanier, "The Cost of the Parthenon," Journal of Hellenic Studies 73 (1953) 68-76
  • JG Younger, "The Parthenon as Public Works Project," American Journal of Archaeology 97.2 (1993) 309
    •
    Blackboard, Course Documents :
  • JG Younger, "Work Sections and Repeating Patterns in the Parthenon Frieze," in M. Cosmopoulos, New Studies on the Parthenon (forthcoming)
    •


    FEBRUARY
    13 Feb (Th), 18 Feb (T), 20 Feb (Th), 25 Feb (T) : Classical Temples

    E-Reserves Readings for the NEXT topic ("Hellenistic & Roman Temples")
    L Haselberger, "The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma," Scientific American 253.6 (1985) 126-32


    27 (Th) Feb: Midterm


    MARCH
    4 Mar (T), 6 Mar (Th), 11 Mar (T): Parthenons


    13 Mar (Th): Erechtheum


    • 17-21

    Spring Break


    25 (T): Mixed Order Temples (Zeus at Nemea, Athena Alea at Tegea)


    27 (Th): Tholoi (Delphi, Olympia, Epidaurus)


    1 (T) Apr: Temple Complexes (Lindos, Praeneste)


    3 (Th): Didyma


    8 Mar (T), 10 Mar (Th), 15 Mar (T): Roman Temples (Etruscan-Roman, Capitolia, Roma & Augustus)

    E-Reserves Readings for the NEXT topic ("Reading Building Accounts")
    JG Younger (trans), The Asklepios Temple Accounts
    JG Younger (trans), The Delos Building Accounts
    JG Younger (trans), The Parthenon Accounts
    JG Younger (trans), The Erechtheum Accounts


    17 Mar (Th), 22 Mar (T), 26 Mar (Th): Reading the Building Accounts


    29 Apr (T), 1 May (Th), 6 May (T), 8 May (Th): Student Reports


    Term Papers/Project Topics

    The following are suggestions only.


    Books

    GENERAL

  • Ashmole, B., Architect and Sculptor in Classical Greece (New York: New York University Press 1972) [Art/Architecture Library NB 94 A83]
  • Berve, H., Gruben, G. and Hirmer, M., Greek Temples, Theatres and Shrines (New York: Harry Abrams 1963) [Art/Architecture Library Folio NA 275 B413]
  • Boardman, J., Greek Art and Architecture (1967) [Art/Architecture Library N 5630 G713]


    ARCHITECTURE HANDBOOKS

  • Barletta, Origins of the Greek Architectural Orders [Art/Architecture Library NA 2815.B35]
  • Betancourt, The Aeolic Style in Architecture [Art/Architecture Library NA 245.P34 B47]
  • Coulton, J.J., The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa (1976)[Art/Architecture Library NA 278.S85 C68]
  • Dinsmoor, W.B., The Architecture of Ancient Greece (1975)[Art/Architecture Library NA 270.D5]
  • Goodyear, Greek Refinements[Art/Architecture Library Folio NA 271.G1]
  • Lawrence, A.W. and Tomlinson, R.A., Greek Architecture (New Haven, 1992)[Art/Architecture Library NA 270.L36]
  • Martienssen, The Idea of Space in Greek Architecture[Art/Architecture Library NA 270.M34]
  • Meiggs, R., Trees and timber in the ancient Mediterranean world (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982) [Watson H99765.M45 M44]
  • van Buren, Greek Fictile Revetments[Art/Architecture Library NA 270.V3]
  • Vitruvius, The 10 Books on Architecture[Art/Architecture Library NA 2515.V73 1960]
  • Winter, F., "Doric Design I", American Journal of Archaeology 80 (1976): 139-145
  • Winter, F., "Doric Design II", American Journal of Archaeology 82 (1978): 151-161
  • Winter, "Doric Design III", American Journal of Archaeology 84 (1980): 399-416
  • Wycherley, R.F., How the Greeks Built Cities (London: Macmillan 1962) [Art/Architecture Library NA 9201.W85 1962]


    BRONZE AGE

  • Graham, W., Palaces of Crete (1987)
  • Shaw, J.W., "Minoan Architecture: Materials and Techniques", ASAtene 49 (1971) 1-256 [Watson folio DF 11.A85]
  • Vermeule, E., Greece in the Bronze Age (1964)


    CLASSICAL

  • Boardman, J., Parthenon and Its Sculptures (1985) [Art/Architecture Library folio NB 91.A7 B63]
  • Bundgaard, J.A., Parthenon and the Mycenaean City on the Heights (1976) [Watson DF 287.P3 B86 ]
  • Camp, J., The Athenian Agora (1986) [Watson DF 287.A23 C36]
  • Haselberger, Lothar ed., Appearance and Essence: Refinements of Classical Architecture: Curvature (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia 1999)
    Pfaff, C.A., "Curvature in the Temple of Apollo at Corinth and in the South St9oa and Classical Temple of Hera at the Argive Heraion," 114-25


    HELLENISTIC

  • Koenigs, W., "The Temple of Athena Polias at Priene: Doric Architectgure in the Guise of Ionic?" Appearance and Essence: Refinements of Classical Architecture: Curvature, edited by Lothar Haselberger (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia 1999): 138-53
  • Fyfe, T., Hellenistic Architecture (1964)


    ROMAN

  • Thornton, M. K., and R.L. Thornton, Julio-Claudian building programs : a quantitative study in political management (Wauconda, IL : Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1989)


    TECHNIQUES

  • Adam, The Technique of Greek Sculpture [Art/Architecture Library NB 90.A27]
  • Bluemel, Technique of Greek Sculpture
  • Burford, Alison, Craftsmen in Greek and Roman Society (Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press 1972) [Watson HD 4844.B85]
  • Burford, Alison, Land and Labor in the Greek World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993)
  • Camp, J. and Dinsmoor, W.B., Ancient Athenian Building Methods (1984)
  • Coulton, J.J., Ancient Greek Architects at Work (1982) [Art/Architecture Library NA 270.C65]
  • Dinsmoor, William Bell, "Attic Building Accounts, I: The Parthenon," American Journal of Archaeology 17 (1913) 53-80 [Watson CC1.A6]
  • Dinsmoor, William Bell, "Attic Building Accounts, II: The Erechtheum," American Journal of Archaeology 17 (1913) 243-65 [Watson CC1.A6]
  • Dinsmoor, William Bell, "Attic Building Accounts, III: The Propylaea," American Journal of Archaeology 17 (1913) 371-98 [Watson CC1.A6]
  • Haselberger, Lothar, "The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma," Scientific American 253.6 (1985) 126-32
  • Haselberger, Lothar ed., Appearance and Essence: Refinements of Classical Architecture: Curvature (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia 1999)
  • Haselberger, Lothar, "Les plans de construction du temple d'Apollon õ Didyme," Dossier pour la science no. 25
  • Haselberger, Lothar, "Wissenschaft in Bildern: Entzifferung eines antiken Werkplans," Spektrum 1995, 74
  • Hodge, A.T., "Bevelled Joints and the Direction of Laying in Greek Architecture," American Journal of Archaeology 79 (1975) 333-48
  • Haselberger, Lothar, The Rotunda in Rome - A Study of Hadrian's Pantheon. Kjeld de Fine Licht. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications VIII. Nordisk Forlag, Copenhagen, 1968.
  • Haselberger, Lothar, "Deciphering a Roman Blueprint," Scientific American, 263.6 (June 1995), 56
  • Haselberger, Lothar, "Ein Gielbelriss der Vorhalle des Pantheon: Die Werkrisse vor dem Augustusmausoleum," Römische Mitteilungen 101 (1994) 279-308.
  • Rockwell, Peter, "Aspects of Stone Carving Technology," Studies and Documents on the Cultural Heritage 16 (UNESCO 1988) 44-66


    ARGOLID

  • Miller, Stephen G., ed., Nemea: a Guide to the Site and Museum (Berkeley: University of California Press 1990)
  • Miller, Stephen G., Excavations at Nemea (Berkeley: University of California Press 1991-)
  • Roux, Georges, L'architecture de l'Argolide aux IVe et IIIe si¿cles avant J.-C. (Paris, de Boccard 1961
  • Waldstein, The Argive Heraeum (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1902-05) [UNC Art Dept: Art Oversize DF221.A8 W3]


    ATHENS

  • Bundgaard, J.A., Mnesicles, a Greek Architect at Work
  • Bundgaard, J.A., The Parthenon and the City on the Heights
  • Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, Erechtheion: Zeichnungen und Bearbeitung von Hans Schleif (Berlin, Verlag von E.S. Mittler & sohn, 1942)
  • Elderkin, G.W., Problems in Periclean Buildings
  • Hill, I.T., The Ancient City of Athens (1953)
  • Hopper, R.J., The Acropolis (1971)
  • Hurwit, J., The Athens Akropolis
  • Inwood, Henry William, The Erechtheion at Athens; fragments of Athenian architecture, and a few remains in Attica, Megara, and Epirus; illustrated with outline plates and a descriptive historical view; combining also under the divisions Cadmeia, Homeros, and Herodotos, the origin of temples and of Grecian art of the periods preceding (London : J. Carpenter and son [etc.], 1827) [Art/Architecture Library Oversize NA 271.I6]
  • Kavvadias, P., & Georg Kawerau, Die Ausgrabung der Akropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890 [Art/Architecture Library Oversize DF 287.A2 K33x {JGY also has a copy]
  • Knell, H. Perikleische Baukunst
  • Middleton, J.H., Plans and Drawings of Athenian Buildings
  • Orlandos, Anastasios K. 1976-8. He arkhitektonike tou Parthenonos. (Library of the Athens Archaeological Society 86.) Athens: Athens Archaeological Society. [Art/Architecture Library Oversize NA281.O74
  • Paton, James Morton ed., The Erechtheum, Measured, Drawn, and Restored (Cambridge MA: Harvard UP 1927) [Art/Architecture Library Oversize NA 283.E7 P3]
  • Penrose, F.C., Investigation of the Principles of Athenian Architecture
  • Plommer, W.H., "Three Attic Temples," Annual of the British School of Archaeology in Athens 45 (1950) 66-112
  • Randall, R.H., jr., "The Erechtheum Workmen," American Journal of Archaeology 57 (1953) 199-210
  • Sickinger, James P., Public Records and Archives in Classical Athens (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 1999) [Watson CD 996.S53]
  • Stanier, R.S., "The Cost of the Parthenon," Journal of Hellenic Studies 73 (1953) 68-76
  • Stevens, G. Philip, Restorations of Classical Buildings
  • Stevens, G. Philip, The Erechtheum
  • Stuart, James, & Nicholas Revett, The Antiqvities of Athens. Measvred and delineated (London, Printed by John Haberkorn) [Art/Architecture Library Oversize NA 280.S92 & S913; JGY has a reprint copy of vols. 1-3]
  • Travlos, J.N., Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens (New York: Praeger 1971) [JGY has a copy]
  • Travlos, John, Bildlexikon der Topographie der Antiken Attika [JGY has a copy]
  • Wycherley, R.F., The Stones of Athens (Princeton: Princeton UP 1978) [Watson DF 275.W92; JGY also has a copy ]


    ARCADIA

  • Cooper, Frederick A. 1992-6. The Temple of Apollo Bassitas. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. [Art/Architecture Library oversize NA285.B3 C67 1992]
  • Dugas, Charles et al., eds. 1924. Le sanctuaire d'Aléa Athéna à Tégée au IVe siècle. Paris: Paul Geuthner. [not at KU]


    DELPHI

  • Fouilles de Dèlphes [Watson DF 261.D35 ]
  • Guidebook {JGY has several}


    DELOS

  • Davis, P.H., "The Delian Building Contracts," Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 61 (1937) 109-35
  • Exploration archéologique de Délos faite par l'École française d'Athènes (Paris, E. de Boccard [etc.] 1909 --), vols. 1-37 [Watson 913.3915 Ec 73]
  • Guidebook {JGY has a copy}
  • Fraisse, Philippe, & Christian Llinas, Documents d'architecture hellénique et hellénistique (Paris : diff. de Boccard, 1995), Exploration archéologique de Délos vol. 36
  • Hellmann, Marie-Christine, Recherches sur le vocabulaire de l'architecture grecque, d'après les inscriptions de Délos (Athènes: École française d'Athènes, 1992), Exploration archéologique de Délos vol. 278
  • Vallois, René, L'Architecture héllenique à Délos, Exploration archéologique de Délos vol. 157
  • Vallois, René, Les constructions antiques de Délos: documents (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1953), Exploration archéologique de Délos vol. 157bis


    EPIDAUROS

  • Burford, Alison, The Greek Temple Builders at Epidauros [Watson DF 261.E6 B8]
  • Tomlinson, Richard Allan, Epidauros (Austin: University of Texas Press 1983)


    EASTERN GREECE

  • Bacon, Francis Henry, and Robert Koldewey eds., Investigations at Assos; drawings and photographs of the buildings and objects discovered during the excavations of 1881-1882-1883 (Cambridge MA, Archaeological Institute of America 1902-21) [Watson Oversize DS 156.A7 B3]
  • Clarke, Joseph Thatcher, Report on the investigations at Assos, 1882, 1883, pt. 1 (New York: Macmillan 1898)
  • Serdaroglu, Ümit, & Reinhard Stupperich, Ausgrabungen in Assos 1990 (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt 1992)


    WESTERN GREECE

  • Boardman, J., Greeks Overseas (1980)
  • Burford, A., "Temple Building at Segesta," Classical Quarterly 11 (1961) 87-93
  • Koldewey, Robert, & Puchstein, Otto, Die Griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien und Sicilien (Berlin : A. Asher & Co., 1899) [Art/Architecture Library NA 275.K8]


    Unfinished Temples

    Stages of ConstructionPercentage of Construction Costs
    based on costs for Asklepieion, Epidauros
    1. Foundation for Colonnade2.4%
    2. Foundation for Steps & Stylobate0.9%
    3. Colonnade9.6%
    4. Foundation for Cella1.5%
    5. Cella18.8%
    6. Roof, Ceiling, & Doors26.5%
    7. Laying the Floors6%
    8. Fluting the Columns1.3%
    9. Polishing the Walls, Stylobate, Floors2.4%
    10. Decorative Elements (mouldings, etc.)16.5%
    --. Miscellaneous costs14.2%


    Breakdown of Costs per Stage, Asklepieion at EpidaurosDrachmes% of Complete Cost (98,866 drachmes)
    1. Foundation for Colonnade
    quarrying, delivery, construction    		2,4002.4%
    2. Foundation for Steps & Stylobate
    quarrying, delivery, construction    		8690.9%
    3. Colonnade
    quarrying + delivery
    construction    		9,468
    6,400
    3,068     		9.6%
    6.5%
    3.1%
    4. Foundation for Cella
    quarrying, delivery, construction    		1,4851.5%
    5. Cella
    quarrying + delivery
    construction    		18,569
    15,369
    3,200     		18.8%
    15.6%
    3.2%
    6. Roof, Ceiling, & Doors
    delivery + manufacture
    timber
    tiles
    stone sills
    misc.
    ironwork
    construction    		26,154
    12,062
    4,390
    1,632
    700
    3,232
    2,108
    14,092    		26.5%
    12.2%





    14.3%
    7. Laying the Floors
    foundation quarrying, delivery, construction
    pavers, quarrying, delivery
    pavers, laying    		5,920
    843
    4,320
    757    		6%
    0.9%
    4.4%
    0.7%
    8. Fluting the Columns
    		1,3361.3%
    9. Polishing the Walls, Stylobate, Floors
    		2,3902.4%
    10. Decorative Elements (mouldings, etc.)16,27516.5%
    --. Miscellaneous costs
    architect
    workshop, construction
    unclear projects    		14,000
    1,581
    3,218
    9,201    		14.2%


    Unfinished Doric Temples
    NAMEDATEStopped in Construction Phase
    Apollo, Delos?-4542
    Nemesis, Rhamnous436-432?5 or 6
    Archaic Poseidon, Sounion4903
    Zeus, Stratos321-?7
    Hephaistos, Acragas430?-4095
    Castor & Pollux, Acragas430?-4094?
    "Athena", Segesta416-4094
    PrePersian Parthenon, Athens?-4803
    Peisistratid Olympieion, Athens?-5103
    Artemis, Sardis336?-?7
    "GT", Selinus520-4099
    Apollo, Didyma313-Roman9
    Olympieion, Acragas510?-4099
    Hera IV, Samos?-5306
    Hera V, Samos525-?5
    Telesterion of Demeter & Persephone, Phyla430s?
    Telesterion, Thorikos430s?
    Telesterion, Eleusis430s?


    Unfinished Ionic Temples
    NAMEDATEStopped in Construction Phase
    Erechtheion, Athens426-421, 409-4069
    Dionysos, Naxos530?-?7?
    Ismenius, Thebes?-3626
    Poseidon, Molycrion?-?5